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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gyroscopy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гироскопия и навигация</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Giroskopiya i Navigatsiya</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-7035</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2075-0927</issn><publisher><publisher-name>AO «Концерн «ЦНИИ «Электроприбор»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17285/0869-7035.0063</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gyroscopy-170</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Исследование состоятельности расширенного фильтра Калмана в задаче навигации пешехода с БИНС, закрепленными на стопах</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Studying the Сonsistency of Extended Kalman Filter in Pedestrian Navigation with Foot-Mounted SINS.</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Болотин</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bolotin</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Болотин Юрий Владимирович. Доктор физико-математических наук, профессор. Действительный член международной общественной организации «Академия навигации и управления движением».</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bolotin, Yu.V.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Брагин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bragin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Брагин Александр Викторович. Аспирант</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bragin, A.V.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гулевский</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gulevskii</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гулевский Даниил Вячеславович. Аспирант</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова (Москва)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>59</fpage><lpage>77</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Болотин Ю.В., Брагин А.В., Гулевский Д.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Болотин Ю.В., Брагин А.В., Гулевский Д.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bolotin Y.V., Bragin A.V., Gulevskii D.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gyroscopy.ru/jour/article/view/170">https://www.gyroscopy.ru/jour/article/view/170</self-uri><abstract><p>Исследуется задача пешеходной навигации при помощи бескарданных инерциальных навигационных систем (БИНС), закрепленных на стопах человека. Для повышения точности навигации в таких случаях обычно используется коррекция по нулевой скорости стопы в фазе опоры (zero velocity update – ZUPT). Эта информация обрабатывается с помощью расширенного фильтра Калмана (РФК). Условие нулевой скорости записано в двух формах – в опорной и приборной системе координат, и показано, что применение общепринятой в навигации пешехода первой формы приводит к несостоятельности РФК. Применение второй формы позволяет получить корректный ZUPT-алгоритм, который записывается в так называемых динамических погрешностях. Проанализирован алгоритм комплексирования информации от двух БИНС, основанный на знании максимального расстояния между стопами. Показано, как здесь может проявиться несостоятельность РФК и как ее можно избежать, опять перейдя к динамическим погрешностям. Результаты получены аналитически посредством методов теории наблюдаемости и ковариационного анализа.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper focuses on pedestrian navigation with foot-mounted strapdown inertial navigation systems (SINS). Zero velocity updates (ZUPT) during the stance phase are commonly applied in such systems to improve the accuracy. Zero velocity data are processed by the extended Kalman filter (EKF). Zero velocity condition is written in two forms: in reference and body frames. The first form traditional for pedestrian navigation is shown to provide an inconsistent EKF. The second form provides a correct ZUPT algorithm, which is naturally written in so-called dynamic errors. The analyzed algorithm for data fusion from two SINS is based on the bound on foot-to-foot distance. It is shown how EKF inconsistency can be manifested, and how it can be avoided by proceeding back to dynamic errors. The results are obtained analytically using observability theory and covariance analysis.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>БИНС</kwd><kwd>расширенный фильтр Калмана</kwd><kwd>стопа</kwd><kwd>пешеходная навигация</kwd><kwd>ковариации</kwd><kwd>состоятельность.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>SINS</kwd><kwd>extended Kalman filter</kwd><kwd>foot</kwd><kwd>pedestrian navigation</kwd><kwd>covariance</kwd><kwd>consistency.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bancroft, J., Lachapelle, G., Cannon, M., Petovello, M., Twin IMU–HSGPS Integration for Pedestrian Navigation, Proceedings of ION GNSS, 2008, pp. 1377–1387.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bancroft, J., Lachapelle, G., Cannon, M., Petovello, M., Twin IMU–HSGPS Integration for Pedestrian Navigation, Proceedings of ION GNSS, 2008, pp. 1377–1387.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nilsson, J.-O., et al., Foot-mounted INS for everybody – An open–source embedded implementation, Proceedings of IEEE/ION PLANS, 2012, pp. 140–145.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nilsson, J.-O., et al., Foot-mounted INS for everybody – An open–source embedded implementation, Proceedings of IEEE/ION PLANS, 2012, pp. 140–145.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Skog, I. et al., Zero-velocity detection – an algorithm evaluation, IEEE Trans. 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